1996), but there are no studies comparing the communities living in internodes of sympatric bamboo species. The communities of aquatic macrofauna of internodes were studied in a lowland tropical forest ( Louton et al. For example, the species richness in an altitudinal gradient ( Sota and Mogi 1996) was studied, as well as the seasonal occurrence and distribution patterns of mosquitoes in bamboo groves ( Sunahara and Mogi 1997) and the variability of intra and interspecific competition of mosquitoes in stumps ( Sunahara and Mogi 2002). Many studies have been conducted on bamboo phytotelmata, addressing different aspects of the communities, mainly communities from stumps. On the other hand, water-holding capacity of internodes will not depend on their length, but on the height where the side hole is. The stability of the aquatic micro-environment in bamboo internodes could be greater than the stability in treeholes or bamboo stumps because the opening area where rainwater enters is generally small and lateral on internodes, as opposed to stumps that have a larger opening area facing up, like those of many treeholes.
Thus, mosquito species whose egg stages are not resistant to drought colonize more stable treeholes than species with drought-resistant eggs ( Bradshaw and Holzapfel 1983). Therefore, the number of individuals and species composition varies with the capacity of the treehole. 1994), as small deep holes are more stable than large shallow holes ( Sota 1996). Stability is influenced by hole depth ( Sota et al. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the stability of phytotelmata has an additional effect on community structure, due to the effect of stability of the aquatic environment. In turn, an increase in the capacity of the habitat should lead to increases in biomass and the number of metazoan inhabitants. Studies of the effect of habitat size in treeholes and bamboo stumps showed that the size of the opening determines the rate of entry of leaf litter, which increases with phytotelm capacity ( Sota 1996). It must be emphasized that closed internodes accumulate fluids but become phytotelmata only when drilled or injured, allowing female insects to enter and lay eggs ( Lozovei 1998). Rainwater falls within the internodes either when the top is cut, which may give rise to two types of bamboo-stump pools, open, or semi-closed ( Sunahara and Mogi 1997), or when the culm is injured by an insect borer such a chrysomelid ( Macdonald 1962) or curculionid ( Kovac and Azarae 1994) beetle. The pool is formed when the internode is filled with rainwater ( Kovac and Streit 1996) or the exudates of the bamboo ( Lozovei 1998). Each internode has the shape of a hollow cylinder, with smooth and vertical walls, and both ends are closed.
Arguably, bamboos constitute the simplest phytotelmata from the viewpoint of their architecture. The main feature that distinguishes them is that the pool is formed in the trunk or woody stem ( Lozovei 1998), in contrast with the other plants that are herbaceous. déndron = tree, telma = pond) due to characteristics that differentiate them from other phytotelmata. Treeholes and bamboo were termed as dendrotelmata (gr. 2007), and because they are suitable for studies on ecological systems (e.g., Yee 2007). 1996 Frank and Lounibos 2009) because their fauna may include dipteran vectors of diseases ( Anosike et al. Bromeliads, pitcher plants, treeholes, and bamboo internodes have been among the most studied phytotelmata (e.g., Kitching 1971 Istock et al. ( 1985), although only a few types have been extensively studied. Extensive lists of types of phytotelmata have been presented by Fish ( 1983) and Machado-Allison et al. phyton = plant, telma = pond) occur in a large number of terrestrial plants that hold water in places such as stems, sheathing leaves, and flowers ( Frank and Lounibos 1983).
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